Design, size and facilities

Washington Convention Center is the largest construction in the District of Columbia. It consists of six blocks with a massive distance spanning close to six soccer fields put end-to-end. The center consists of approximately 725,000 square feet in space for exhibit hall, 150,000 square feet in meeting rooms, and a ballroom consisting of 70,000 square feet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design, size and facilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The convention center has the latest technological advancement consisting of fiber-optic connection, computerized control systems for internal and external monitoring and additional satellite links. The center has adequate power supply to support itself. The challenge of the construction was its enormous size. Therefore, team consisted of designers and architectures in ensuring that the design was within schedule and scope. There was a consultative process. Everyone par ticipated, from the local leaders, federal officials to the president. Involvement of the community was necessary because the center occupied residential neighborhood. They monitored changes on construction with their effects to the schedule and costs. At the same time, the team had to create a large space for structures, concrete, excavations, steel works and foundation. Another group looked at the internal structure such as electric, plumbing, mechanical, internal transportation and communication. The building reflected elegance African wood panel, expensive pieces of art works and dedicated technological facilities. Other groups concentrated on the interior and exterior works of the building. The construction team dealt with relocating, expanding the existing roads and connecting them to subways. The structure has custom-made spanning faà §ade throughout creating various wall conditions. The structure boosts of identical and shiny systems acting as the structural supports. The b uilding achieves aesthetic transparency via the adoption of a three-diemnsional structure. There glass walls reflect curved and articulated designs. The beauty is captivating through the large entrances creating a lasting human experience. Washington Convection Center pride itself on latest structures consisting of glass faà §ade. Community involvement Washington Convention Center occupies a busy residential and urban area. Most of the construction occupied underground so as not shadow the community. Therefore, the construction team engaged the community first in their plans. The building had to reflect the ideals of the residents. They ensured that there were almost no disruptions to the normal traffic flows. The construction team ensured safe roads, clean and inviting environment to the residences. They constructed a through way under the convection to minimize traffic jams. Regular meetings kept everyone informed of the project progress. Clark team involved the community in job training opportunities. The community members provided services and business requirement for the construction workers.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic impacts Washington Convention Center is a symbol of economic prosperity. It hosts business venues, tourists’ spots and a large historic landmark. The center derives its income from the direct consumption from the residents through the use of social amenities like hotels, retail shops and fast food joints among others. There are conference facilities booked for the next fifteen years. The center transformed Washington DC to one of the leading convention destinations in the world. The center already created thousands of jobs receives millions of visitors and injects millions of dollars into the local economy. The center now hosts the prestigious American Veterinary Medical Association, American Academy of Family Physici ans, and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Washington Convention Center has a competitive advantage through its fascinating location for people in the hospitality industry. This essay on Design, size and facilities was written and submitted by user Justin Hammer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SAT Security Protocols What to Expect on Test Day

SAT Security Protocols What to Expect on Test Day SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The security of standardized testing materials is critical in preserving the relevance and fairness of the test as a whole. Since so many students around the world take the SAT, it can be difficult to prevent leaks, but the College Board does have many measures in place to keep confidential questions from being released to the public. In this article, I'll go over the specifics of theSAT security measures, explain the most recent breaches in test security, and review what all of this means for you. Why Is SAT Test Security a Concern? Test security is a huge concern for the administrators of standardized tests like the SAT.If anyone manages to access test questions before the exam is administered, the whole system is compromised by the students who had an unfair advantage. The invalid scores of students who cheatedwill ruin the curve, which just ends up hurting the scores of other students who didn't get a sneak peek at the test. This means that the integrity of the test is extremely important for all students.If people are able to access materials before the exam, their unfair advantage can actively hurt your scores by creating artificially high numbers of top scorers. Breaches in test security also undermine the overall validity of the SAT as a measure of academic ability, which is a huge problem for the College Board and for universities that rely on SAT scores to assess candidates. How Does the College Board Ensure SATSecurity? There are a variety of measures that the College Board implements to ensure that test questions don't fall into the wrong hands. These regulations come into play throughout the test registration and administration process. Registration Security Regulations The College Board shares scores and registration information with each student’s high school. If an investigation into a student’s scores is conducted, this information will also be shared with any colleges where he or she has been admitted.Keeping all parties in the loop ensures that it’s much more difficult for someone to take the SAT for another person or circumvent the regulations in any other way. The College Board also implements an â€Å"intended use† policy, which means they take steps to ensure that everyone who registers for the SAT is using it to apply to colleges or scholarship programs.People who are taking the SAT for other reasons can only take it on dates in October, January, and May (January will be replaced with August in the 2017-18 school year) because the College Board discloses the test form for those dates with its optionalQuestion and Answer Service. For example, everyone here at PrepScholar originally signed up for the first administration of the 2016 SAT in March. However,all of our registrations were transferred to the date in May instead because we were just taking the test to get a feel for the new exam, not to apply for anything (and also very few of us could pull off a 21 Jump Street thing).If anyone who takes the test has the opportunity to order the QAS, the test material will be out there for the public to see anyways, so there’s no real risk of compromising the integrity of the exam.All students are prohibited from discussing exam content unless it's released in the form of the QAS. Accurate depiction of me taking the SAT Test Day Security Regulations The College Board also takes measures to keep test materials secure before, during, and after the exam. If you’ve taken the SAT before, you know that you have to break a seal on the test booklet to begin, which ensures that no one can read the questions ahead of time without the College Board’s knowledge.Test materials are secured in lock boxes when they’re sent to international locations to prevent the theft of test booklets. Every student must have a valid photo ID and admission ticket to be allowed into the test center. Photo IDs are checked against your admission ticket multiple times throughout the testing process to ensure that no one can swap identities. You have to upload a photo of yourself during SAT registrationso the test coordinators can verify that you are who you say you are. As you might expect, phones and other electronic devices are banned from test centers to prevent people from documenting the content of the exam. No one is allowed to read test materials without completing an answer sheet or leave the building before the test is finished. If you do, you will be dismissed, and your scores will be canceled.These actions are red flags that the person might have registered for the exam just to get a look at the test content and share it unlawfully. Even if you've been given extra time, you’re not allowed to skip ahead to preview sections before you start them.Seeing the questions before the section starts, even if it only happens during an earlier part of the test, leads to an unfair advantage. Prepare for separation anxiety when you can't look at your phone every five seconds (I do this too - I'm not just making fun of teenagers here). Recent Breaches in SAT Test Security The College Board has experienced some issues in the past few years with people obtaining test materials ahead of time.In fact, in 2013, they brought in an independent consultant who recommended additional security measures to ensure the confidentiality of not just physical test materials but also the College Board’s servers, storage, and data.The potential for system hacking complicates the security measures the College Board has to take to ensure exam safety, meaning sometimes things slip through the cracks. Also, for international test administrations, the College Board sometimes reuses questions or entire sections that have already been given to students in the US. This greatly increases the risk that students will have prior knowledge of the material.Problems with SATsecurity are particularly prevalent in Asia, where the College Board has delayed score releases and even canceled test administrations several times after finding evidence that the material was previously released to the public. In January of 2016, test administrations were canceled in China and Macau due to evidence of leaked test materials.In May of 2013, all scores in South Korea for both the SAT and SAT Subject Tests were canceled. The latest version of the SAT, introduced in March of 2016, has experienced major issues with question leaks.Reuters reported that a disgruntled ex-College Board employee with access to the materials showed them hundreds of confidential test questions.The College Board confirmed that these were official questions and that their public circulation would have dire consequences for the integrity of the test. They even got the FBI involved.Agents raided the home of the whistleblower in question, seizing computers and other potentially incriminating materials. This matter is still under investigation, and the College Board is working to switch out sections of future tests that they fear may have been compromised. The College Board treats the release of confidential test questions to the public as an extremely serious criminal matter. This makes sense because of the huge amount of time and money that went into creating questions that are now essentially useless. This is the actual whistle that was blown to call out the College Board for shoddy preparation of test materials. Just kidding, this one is far too whimsical for such purposes. It was definitely a more robust metal whistle. How the College Board Is Cracking Down on SAT Cheating In February 2017, the College Board announcedthey will begin implementing new regulations to crack down on SAT cheating in both the US and abroad.Some of these new measures include: Reducing how oftenthe SAT is administered overseas. (The SAT will now be offered four times a year overseas, in October, December, March, and May.) Reducing the number of questions that are reused formultiple tests. Providing the names of people andfirms suspected of cheating to law enforcement and federal agencies(both in the US and abroad). Preventing people from taking the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, or AP Exams if the College Board has found they were guilty of past cheating offenses. Making it easier for test takers and proctors to confidentially report suspected cheating. These new measures won't eliminate cheating completely, but they should help make it even harder to cheat on the SAT and get away with it. Reducing the number of SAT questions used on multiple exams should especially lower the number of studentswho walk into the SAT already knowing some of the questions and use that information to inflate their scores. What Does SAT SecurityMean for You? For the most part, you shouldn’t have to worry too much about this issue.However, it’s in your best interests to protect the security of the test by following protocol during the exam, not sharing confidential information, and reporting any leaks you hear about to the College Board. Leaks of test materials create unfair advantages for certain groups of students and damage the credibility of everyone’s SAT scores.Such incidents may lead the College Board to cancel the scores of a large group of students if they aren't sure who had access to the test beforehand, which is very unfair to people who played by the rules. When you arrive at the test center, make sure you have a valid photo ID and admission ticket ready to present to the test coordinator. During the test, don't peek at sections ahead of time or try to go back and fix mistakes on sections that have already passed. Don't discuss exam content during breaks or leave the building for any reason. The only electronic devices you should have are a watch (if you want) and an approved calculator. Keep your smartphone turned off and in your backpack for the duration of the test. It's best not to risk violating any of these rules because if you're caught, you may be dismissed and have your scores canceled. You should also refrain from discussing or posting about specific questions in the aftermath of a test administration.These same questions may be reused overseas or on a future SAT test date in the US.Once the questions are out there on the internet, there’s no telling who will find and take advantage of them. Conclusion To ensure security of SAT test materials, the College Board takes steps to preserve the integrity of the test questions both before and after the exam is administered. Despite these precautions, there continue to be question leaks and cheating scandals that have affected many students' scores. Test security is extremely important due to the nature of standardized tests, and it is especially critical for the SAT considering how popular it is around the world as a college admissions assessment. As you go through the process of registering for and taking the SAT, make sure you avoid sharing confidential information. This could have a huge negative impact on the validity of your scores and the scores of potentially thousands of other students. What's Next? What is SAT test day really like? Read this guide to learn exactly what to expect after you arrive at the test center. You don't want to bring anything to the SAT that might compromise your scores. This article will tell you which materials to bring and which to leave at home. Finally, if you notice any suspicious behavior during the test, it's in your best interests to speak up. Find out how you can report cheating and address other issues at your test center. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Should UK police remain unarmed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should UK police remain unarmed - Essay Example They deliberate upon the fact that the existing threats luring over UK call for sustained defense, carrying of arms is an integral part. This would not only introduce arms in the police, but having ex-soldiers would give it a militarized look that would essentially be dictating order rather than maintaining order. Secondly, they advocate that the relationship ship between armed crime in Britain versus the number of policemen trained with armed is inversely proportional over the past five years. They present this as a glaring proof and reason to reverse the strategy on gun use for police, and start being more pro active in the situation. The interesting implication in this context is the fact that regardless of the number and level of trained officers, what shall be relevant is whether they are allowed to carry weapons or not! Another important point to their stance is when they narrate, "In 2003-04 there were 11,630 assaults on police in England and Wales, equivalent to a policeman or woman attacked every 45 minutes." This in turn gives a very defenseless impression of the police and gives them a more potent reason to ask for weapons during duty. Those who can't protect themselves, inherently can't do anything for others! This arti This article, being written shortly after the killing of the police woman is forceful to the extent of emotionalism. Though concrete in its presentation, yet the opposition may state in contradiction that one incident alone can do little to change the decades of policy formulation of the policing service in Britain. Nonetheless, it elucidates a very strong stance unto the dire need and necessity of the police to be armed adequately. Review 2 'The Bombing and Human Rights', posted at the World Socialist Website argues against the unquestionable power available to the British police these days, on account of weapon handling, searches and arrests. Julie Hyland writes just weeks after the infamous London bombings, influenced deeply by the innocent killing of a Brazilian national by the police. This text hence ardently cautions against the use of fire arms by the British police. "The country that long prided itself on a tradition of unarmed policing has become one in which armed police are empowered to act with impunity," is the unequivocal opinion of the writer. She is of the belief that uncontrollable political and security circumstances have given the police incontrollable rights; something that is intolerable for any profession in the society. Something that is beyond control is not likely to produce any level of control itself. Not only has this broken the traditions of the UK police, but also has given them the blind license to practice as they please. The article further highlights that the metropolitan police commissioner, following the aforementioned killing went on record to have said, "Even more innocent people could be killed." This instills unparalleled amounts of fear and horror in the minds of ordinary civilians, specially the minority communities. The rights and sanctities of the people at large is considered to be devastated if their protectors start portraying such views. In addition, this helps the British public at large to lose their faith and trust in the

The effects of healthy and unhealthy food Essay

The effects of healthy and unhealthy food - Essay Example In order to illustrate this, a local television company carried on an experiment in Moscow, Russia. There were two participants: one – who ate every day, starting with breakfast, the so-called â€Å"junk food†, and the second – a person who ate only healthy food. At the beginning of the experiment, both participants were examined by a doctor, who established their state of health. The â€Å"junk food† consumer was nervous, constantly tired, his blood analyses were bad, and his entire state of health was not very good. The second participant, a person who had an equilibrate nutrition, focusing on eating healthily, was in good shape and had no complaints regarding his health. The experiment consisted in switching the food habits between the two participants for one week: instead of eating junk food, the first person was going to adopt an equilibrate nutrition, and, vice versa, the person that was eating healthily, was going to consume only junk food. Beginni ng with the first day of the experiment, the second participant started to feel bad. He was constantly hungry, he felt tired although he did not have a rough day, and he felt his stomach heavy. After seven days, the doctor examined both participants again. To everybody’s surprise, the participant that at the beginning of the experiment had a state of health that could be envied by everybody, after having eaten for one week only unhealthy food, was feeling very bad at that moment and the results of the analyses confirmed it. Similar studies have been carried worldwide and all the results point out to a sole conclusion: unhealthy food can seriously affect our state of mind, health and almost every aspect of our lives. Therefore, it is worth pointing out the effects of unhealthy eating, which are multiple, and if somebody consumes it, he or she should be aware of the effects it has on his or her health. They call it â€Å"junk food† for a

Domestic policies of presidents Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Essay

Domestic policies of presidents Reagan, Bush, and Clinton - Essay Example According to Tannsjo, this attitude â€Å"is the first step towards an adequate characterization of conservatism† (3). Conservatism focuses on the economic autonomy and the measures to maintain a small government with guaranteed protection against terrorism. The concept of conservatism has seen some modification after the postwar era or since some decades, and this new concept has affected the meaning of political and public verve in the United States. Ronald Reagan, the 40th American president from 1981-1989, was a Republican politician and a conservative leader. The history of America shows that most of the conservative politicians belonged to the Republican Party. Reagan’s domestic policies focused on lowering down the federal regulation. He emphasized upon the importance and establishment of private enterprises and worked toward lowering the taxes. The aim behind tax cuts was to improve productivity with reduced government spending and investment in domestic field so that more should be spent on national defense and protection against violence. Although his conservative policies did face some difficulties in the form of recession in the beginning of his career, yet the economical infrastructural strengthened its roots afterwards. This way, we can say that Reagan’s domestic policies were a reflection of rise of conservatism in the American politics.

Prisons: Punishment and Rehabilitation

Prisons: Punishment and Rehabilitation In order to understand the nature of imprisonment, this chapter will briefly look at the historical origins of prison, and then it will move onto justify their theoretical legitimacy: punishment/retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. These theories/ideologies will re-occur through the thesis like themes- what we refer to them as meta-concepts. The final section of this chapter will examine the strategies employed by the Prison Service to reach its ultimate goal of protecting public and reducing re-offending. ORIGINS OF PRISON Prisons do not exist in a vacuum. They exist because society decided that they should be used as a method of responding to crime. The early 12th century prisons served a custodial function, mainly detaining people until civil debts were met. A prisons effectiveness was measured by its success in holding people (Muncie, 2001: 159). And in the 18th century, though the prison population remained mainly debtors, the rationale behind prison changed to one of punishment rather than containment. The end of the 18th century saw the rise of the penitentiary in which prisoners were categorised into groups in a regime of punishment, and were subjected to severe physical labour and moral reformation (Muncie, 2001: 164). Things changed drastically over time, and issues such as justice and rehabilitation ascended in the prison system. Benevolent societies were committed to ushering in better conditions, useful employment and good habits of behaviour through discipline and compassion (Muncie, 2001: 169). Perhaps this formed the inspiration of contemporary rehabilitative yet punitive National Offender Management Service (NOMS)- which is a law enforcement agency formed by the integration of the headquarters of prison and probation service to improve effectiveness and efficiency. JUSTIFICATIONS FOR IMPRISONMENT In his speech to the Conservative Party Conference, Michael Howard who was the Home Secretary in 1993, argued that for many crimes, imprisonment was the response demanded by victims in the interests of retribution. Hence, the first given purpose of imprisonment is to punish persons for the crime(s) they have committed. Punishment, in essence, is the practice of getting even with the wrongdoer. It is justified on the ground like a payment of what is owned: that is, offenders who are punished are paying their debt to society and offenders have a right to go free once they have paid their debt (McGraw, 2005:54). This is in some ways the complete antithesis of reductivism which justifies punishment on the ground that it helps to reduce the incidence of crime. Garland (1990:17) defined punishment as the legal process whereby violators of criminal law are condemned and sanctioned in accordance with specified legal categories and procedures. In Her Majestys Prison Services (HMPS) statement of purpose, which was adopted in 1988, punishment is defined as keeping in custody those committed by the court (cited in McGraw, 2005:39). There is a general agreement that the restriction of liberty would only be included for crimes like murder and other serious offences of violence against the person, such as rape. In the early times, systems of retribution favoured lex talionis, calling for an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life (Hudson, 1996:38). It claimed that it is morally right to return evil for evil, and that two wrongs can make a right (Bean, 1981: 16). It looked only at the crime: it made no allowance for the mental state of the offender or for any mitigating or aggravating circumstances associated with the crime. Contemporarily however lex talionis is seen as a crude formula because it cannot be applied to many of todays crimes. For instance, what punishment ought to be inflicted on a rapist under lex talionis? The failure to inflict the same on the offender as the offender has inflicted on his or her victim has forced the retributive tariff to be considerably more lenient than it used to be in Biblical times (Hudson, 1996). Being required to stay behind the walls of a prison for the specified period, not permitted to go out from the prison other than in approved circumstances, is now the most punitive sentence which a court in England and Wales can impose. The criminal law is quite specific in restricting the courts authority to impose a prison sentence: The court must not pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was so serious that neither a fine lone nor a community sentence can be justified for the offence (Criminal Justice Act, 2003: Section 152 cited in Scott, 2007: 42) A sentence of imprisonment is imposed, in principle, to deprive the individual of his or her freedom. Although some would argue that the prison is a refuge from the pressure and severity of normal life, for many prisoners the pains of deprivation of liberty and separation from family are almost unbearable. Furthermore, the coercive punitive element of imprisonment extends beyond the mere deprivation of liberty: typically, the offenders family who have not been found guilty of a crime have also seen to be punished (McGraw, 2005). This is not a big concern for some ideologies. According to the utilitarian theory, moral actions are those that produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people (Hudson, 1996:54), inferring that if punishment is effective in reducing crime, then the pain and unhappiness caused to the offender and to the relatives may be outweighed by the unpleasantness to other people in the future which is prevented. Prison works because it ensures that we are protected from murderers, muggers and rapists (Howard, 1993 cited in Cavadino and Dignan, 2002: 67)- a reference to the second justification of imprisonment known as incapacitation. Incapacitation enables the prison service to protect public because offenders are in prison, and they are prevented from committing other crimes. In some respects this argument is valid, particularly in respect of specific neighbourhoods where a significant proportion of crime is committed by identifiable individuals. However, this type of crime tends to be low level, attracting relatively short prison sentences. The person concerned may be taken out of their community for a short period of time but they are likely soon to return. Some of them may still give indication that, if they were to return, they would continue to present a threat to the public. A more problematic group includes those who have not committed a serious crime but have been identified by expe rts as likely to do so. It may well be necessary that these people should be in prison for as long as they present a threat. However, in order to justify holding these men in custody, the state has to derogate from Article five of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which guarantees the right to a fair trial. Hence, although punishment for imaginary crimes in the future might not be essentially wrong for utilitarianism, it is a serious objection for retributivism and human rights theory. This is because, our powers of prediction are simply not up to the job, whether we use impressionistic guesswork, psychological testing, statistical prediction techniques or any other method (Ashworth and Redmayne, 2005: 206) inferring that a number of persons will suffer incapacitation who would not have committed further crimes if left free. The third justification of imprisonment is deterrence. There are two types of deterrence: individual and general. The former involves deterring someone who has already offended from reoffending where as the latter involves dissuading those who might be tempted. Becarria expressed his early conception of deterrence and argued that the aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal committing new crimes against his countrymen and to keep others from doing likewise (cited in Bean, 1981: 30). Michael Howard (1993 cited in Jewkes and Johnston, 2007:84), took a similar position to Beccaria and argued that prison works à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it makes many who are tempted to commit crime think twice because people fear the punishment that they may receive if they offend. The greater the punishment, the greater the deterrent. It can be argued, for example, that the prospect of one month in prison might be enough to deter someone from stealing  £100 but not from stealing  £100,000. To dete r someone from stealing that amount of money, the prospect might have to be several years in custody. On the contrary to punishment, another justification for imprisonment is to rehabilitate. The rehabilitation of prisoners became a prime concern for the penal system in the late eighteenth century when the demands for labour were high. The rehabilitation of prisoners in the early years of its origin was unsophisticated. The development of human sciences of psychology, physiology and sociology enabled todays rehabilitative ideal to include an examination of the offence and the criminal, and a concern for the criminals social background. The rehabilitation of offenders to re-join society, as useful and law-abiding members of the community (House of Lords, 2004:12) is attractive on a number of counts. Firstly, it provides a positive justification for what would be an otherwise negative form of punishment of the criminal, although there are some who would argue that punishment has already got a rehabilitative effect on the offender; as a result of punishment is a change on offenders valu es and beliefs which refrains him or her from committing further offences (Cavadino and Dignan, 2002). Secondly, rehabilitation is reinforced by the notion that it can reduce crime by altering the individuals character or behaviour. The rehabilitationist theory regards criminal behaviour as a social disease rather than a personal choice and sees the reasonable solution as curing that disease through psychological therapy, education and training (Cavadino and Dignan, 2002). This is attractive to those who work in prisons and who wish to do more professional work than merely deprive prisoners from their liberty. However, unwarranted assumption that crime is related to a disease and that social experts can diagnose that condition is a weakness because treatment programmes are open-ended and do not always relate to the offence (Farrall, 2002). Furthermore, there is also a room for prisoners to cheat by participating in programmes they had no faith in, by expressions of remorse they did not feel, and of intentions to refrain from crime to which they had no commitment. UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY PENALITY As can be seen, there is relative clarity that prisons are not merely to lock up particular types of offenders for specified periods. There also seems to be a relative clarity that there are problems with the functions of prisons- retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation- when considering the high recidivism rates. Official figures show that when the Labour party came into power in 1997, more than a third of criminals reoffended within six months, 50% almost within a year, and 58% reoffended within two years of being released (Ford, 2005). More recent statistics showed that of the offenders who were discharged from custody in 2000, 20% had been reconvicted within three months, 43% within a year, 55% within two years, and 68% within five years (BBC News, 2010a). The offenders convicted of theft took the shortest number of days (90 days) to reoffend in 2000, where in 2008 it was offenders convicted of other (91 days) (MoJ, 2010a: 49). The official statistics based on the latest data show that the proportion of offenders reoffending decreased by 6.8% from 43% in 2000 to 40.1% in 2008 (MoJ, 2010a: 21). However, the number of reconvictions classified as severe within this period rose by 14.7% (MoJ 2010a: 9). Despite that however, the severity rate has remained broadly stable at between 0.6 to 0.9 offences per 100 offenders between 2000 and 2008: this is equivalent to less than one serious offence being committed per 100 offenders in the cohort (MoJ, 2010a: 9). The majority of the most serious reconvictions committed by the 2008 cohort were in the violence offence group, with 21% accounting for sexual-related crimes. The 80% of the most serious offences were committed by offenders who had never before committed an offence classified as serious (MoJ, 2010a:15). The reconviction rates for individual prisons published for the first time revealed that there are fourteen prisons in England and Wales which have reconviction rates of more than 70%. The Do rchester prison, in Dorset, has the highest at 74.7% for adult male prisoners and New Hall, in Yorkshire, has the highest reconviction rates for female prisoners at 76% (The Guardian, 2010). However, it is highly questionable whether searching for an association between recorded crime statistics and usage of official punishments can provide satisfactory answers to the question of whether prison works. This is partly because of the unreliability of crime statistics, and also because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there is every reason to assume that extralegal conditions play a major role in criminal etiology (Gibbs, 1988: 28). As can be seen, the statistics above underline a long-term ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system at diverting persistent offenders from a life of crime. Thus the emerging question is why prisons are not working? It would be fair to assert that prisons are impacted by developments, trends, and changes that occur with regularity in the larger society (Saunders and Billante, 2002). The complex set of changes in politics, economics, social and cultural life has had a fundamental influence on the way prisons operate. For instance, in the mid-1990s, escapes from prisons, particularly by highly dangerous offenders, emphasised on improving security, and thus enabled community safety to become a prominent political agenda at central and local level. Michael Howard prioritised public protection and thereby played a central role in the introduction of Prisons Works philosophy because It is a deterrent. Criminals fear it. And it takes criminals out of circulation(cited in Farrall, 2002: 5). This took much of the necessity of tackling prisoners behaviour and lessened the rehabilitation initiatives: the movement was all away from individualised, indeterminate sentencing which considered offenders circumstances towards standardised, tariff sentences, which valued consistency, proportionality and predictability. Consequently, this led to a rise in the prison population (Saunders and Billante, 2002). In May 1993, the prison population used to be 43,500 but this figure rapidly increased to 60,000 within four years (McGraw, 2005:9). The labour government did little to dispel the prison population but favoured tough regime and introduced harsher sentence outcomes for violent and non-violent offences. As a result, while it had taken four decades from 1958 to 1995 for the prison population to rise by 25,000 it had taken New Labour only eight years to match that 25,000 increase (McGraw, 2005:1). On 22 February 2008 the total population exceeded the useable operational capaci ty of the prison estate for the first time in history. The number of offenders in prison at the end of February stands on 85,206. Of the population in prison custody, 80% comprised males aged 18 or older while 16% were on remand either awaiting trial or sentence (House of Commons, 2010:2). Approximately one-third of the total sentenced prison population are serving sentences of more than 12 months, with a further 18% serving indeterminate sentences (House of Commons, 2010:4). Of the sentenced population, the violence against the person offence group accounts for the largest proportion (28%) (House of Commons, 2010:4). Importantly, unlike in the past, a higher proportion of the sentenced female population are now serving sentences for violence against the person offences rather than drug offences. At a glance, the incapacitation of offenders might be a good idea (as it removes offenders from circulation), but the truth is that it is an ineffective strategy towards crime. The public rightly expects someone who is convicted of a serious crime to receive a suitably severe punishment, and in particular expects protection, but the evidence about the incapacitation effect of prison has concluded that the degree of incapacitation resulting from a sentencing policy has a marginal effect on the crime rate (Blumstein and Farrington, 1986). The best calculations suggest that incapacitation effects of imprisonment are only modest partly because most criminal careers are relatively short: by the time offenders are locked away they may be about to give up crime (Green et al 2005 cited in Cavadino and Dignan, 2002). Where crime was once viewed as a social problem facilitated by the failure of the society to provide for its members, today the society is blameless and the individual offender i s seen as a wholly volitional creature who makes rational choices to engage in crime. When imprisoned, despite the existence Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 which discloses criminal convictions, ex-offenders experience serious difficulty in readjusting to society after they have served their time and paid the dues that the law required of them because the stigma of imprisonment and long absences from work often puts employers off hiring ex-prisoners (Giddens, 1999). This exacerbates social exclusion and increases the risk of a return to crime and a life dependent on social benefits. Another effect of imprisonment, according to Western (1999 cited in Street, (no year:), prisoners are likely to develop certain attitudes, mannerisms and behavioural practices that on the inside function to enhance survival but are not compatible with success in the conventional job market. McGuire and Priestley (1985) told that to reduce the actual crime rates by one-third the prison population in England and Wales would have to rise to 300,000- an approximate fourfold increase. The capital and revenue costs of this enterprise would be enormous. To arrest the required extra numbers, many more police and prisons officers would be needed, and to process them through the courts there would have to be a rise in the numbers of court personnel. The law-and-order would not just be the biggest item of public spending; there might well be nothing left over for anything else. There also exist doubts about the effects of deterrence. According to Lefton (1991) freedom is the most valuable thing for every human being, and people will do anything to avoid putting that freedom at risk. Leftons claim may sound acceptable at first sight but there is little evidence that offenders are deterred by longer or more frequent prison sentences. Because the deterrence theory is based on classical criminology, ie, individuals must, before they act, weigh up the benefit of carrying out the offence against the possible disadvantage of going to prison, one of the problems is that we cannot calculate how many crimes are avoided because potential criminals are deterred by the prospect of imprisonment. But in terms of deterring those convicted from reoffending, the statistics do not give a great deal of cause for optimism, as discussed above. After carrying out a comprehensive review of studies, Beylebeld (1979 cited in Hudson, 1996: 23) concluded that implementing an official deterrence policy can be no more than a shot in the dark because much crime is committed on impulse, given the opportunity presented by an open window or unlocked door, and it is committed by offenders who live from moment to moment (The White Paper cited in Cavadino et al, 1999:186). An alternative deterrent strategy has been put forward by Bachman et al (1992 cited in Farral, 2002). They told that potential offenders are more likely to be deterred by the certainty of detection than the prospect of punishment. At the other end of the spectrum, for McGraw (2005), punishments that are designed as deterrents can increase, rather than decrease, delinquency. In support, Wests (1982:104) research study on boys growing up in London found that if a boy offends, the best way to prevent him from offending repeatedly is not to catch him in the first place. This research evidence may seem contrary to common sense, but such finding suggests that punishment has other effects which may cancel out and even outweigh its deterrent effects. The labelling theory, for example, contends that catching and punishing offenders labels them as criminals, and stigmatises them. To make matters worse, harsher penalties can change offenders self-image from that of a law-abiding person to that of a deviant because custodial institutions are notoriously schools for crime where offenders can meet each other, learn criminal techniques and enter into a criminal subculture. In support, Woolfs (2001) investigation into English prisons found that some prisoners who were not addicted to drugs before admission were later drug addicts by the time of their release (cited in House of Commons, 2005). This process upon release is sufficient to elicit pathological behaviour (Zimbardo, 1982:249) which can in various ways make it more difficult for prisoners to conform to a law-abiding life in future (Cavadino and Dignan, 2002). If labelling theory is correct, then an essential area which needs to be tackle d in order to lower the crime rate is to change the way the society interacts with criminals, including those released from prison, to avoid these stigmatised labels from sticking. An institutional transition from being soft on offenders to get tough agenda which incorporated retribution, deterrence and incapacitation does not mean that the rehabilitative ideal is totally taken away from the justice system. Contemporary imprisonment is also about helping offenders to lead a law abiding lives in custody and after-release (Crawley, 2004:65). Over 700 National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) schemes are being implemented in prisons. Research-based offender rehabilitation programmes do not only offer viable alternative for reducing recidivism, but they have also shown to be an economically efficient strategy (Farrall, 2002). It is widely accepted that rehabilitation programmes give the opportunity to harness prisoners strengths, make amends to their misdemeanours, earn their redemption, and restore their relationship with the society (Maruna and LeBel, 2002). Today, many rehabilitative programmes are based on cognitive behavioural approach, which attempts to alter how offenders think by improving their cognitive and reasoning skills so that they change their attitudes towards breaking the law. Leading empirical reviews of the literature on prison based rehabilitative programmes (Lipsey and Wilson, 1998; MacKenzie, 1997) told that the most effective way to reduce offending and re-offending is through education and employment, along with behavioural or cognitive programmes. In support, Marques et al (1994:55) gave an encouraging result by reporting that offenders in their study who did not volunteer for treatment were 8.5 times more likely to be arrested for a violent crime in the first twelve months after release from prison or discharge from parole. Less dramatic but equally encouraging results were reported from Patrick Carter (2003): well-designed, well-run and well-targeted cognitive behavioural programmes can reduce reconviction rates by 5-10% (cited in House of Commons, 2005:24). However, despite the positive effects of rehabilitation on recidivism, rehabilitation remains secondary to the facilities primary functions: control and confinement. Carters (2007: 146) research into prisons found that more than two-thirds of prisoners did not agree that they were being helped to lead a law-abiding life on release in the community; and only 28% of prisoners agreed that sufficient efforts are made to help prisoners stop committing offences when they have been released from custody. On the contrary however, Linden and Perrys (1988) review of research studies on the effectiveness of prison education programmes showed that although inmates have made substantial alterations to their behaviour, the changes did not necessarily have an impact on post-release employment and recidivism rates (cited in Ryan, 1990). Crawley (2004) argued that the pessimism that nothing works and that whatever you do to offenders makes no difference (Martinson, 1974) has destroyed the reformative aim of the penal system by encouraging policy makers and legislators to abandon the idea of rehabilitation as an objective of punishment- not because it had been shown to be true, but more because the disappointment of the high hopes invested in reform led to an over-reaction against the rehabilitative ideal. Mental Health Case Study: Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Mental Health Case Study: Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Mental health, Amir Daud case study Later in your initial discussions with Amir you think he may be having an anxiety disorder. Identify the character of anxiety disorder Amir is likely to be experiencing and what constituents in his history indicate this type of upset. Amir is highly likely to be experiencing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) which results from too much sympathetic activation of the neural system. It makes the person experiencing it gets constant nervousness that leads to a negative impact on both physical and emotional health status. It significantly interferes with the normal behavior path of the individual at its mercy. Amir spent two years in torturous detention in Afghanistan, which was a time of constant uncertainty and anxiety followed by a perilous journey to Australia. While he was in detention, he witnessed many episodes of self-harm by fellow detainees who had lost hope and pessimistic about their future welfare which have contributed to increasing Amir’s trauma and anxiety state. The fact that he felt powerless in his situation aggravated his stress levels because he lacked hope or someone or something that would help secure it in that hopeless state of personal business. Amir is also battling with mild depression from worrying too much about the family he left behind as he says he feels guilty because he is aware they are still facing persecution. He blames himself for not being able to rescue them from that situation. In addition, Amir is required to secure himself employment, only he feels quite the opposite due to his impatience and poor absorption. The major symptoms of this disorder include restlessness, exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbance, difficulty in concentrating, irritability and tremor. The symptoms must have occurred days than not for at least 6months and must cause clinically important distress or impairment in social, occupational or other significant areas of functioning’ (APA, 2000). According to Sigmund Freud, His type falls under Neurotic category of which is defined as the anticipation of negative consequences that activate defensive processes. This is as a consequence of his experience in the detention which he says makes him sleep poorly and development of negative intrusive thoughts during his waking time in the morning. Possible Treatments that could be administered to Amir include pharmaceutical medication (SSRIs and Benzodiazepines) or herbal extracts made from a relaxant made from the root of the kava plant (Hall, 1998). References Derek Hayes, A. G., Suhaini, M. J., Kassim, K. K. (2014). Hope and Mental Health Nursing. LinkedIn Corporations. Hall, R. H. (1998). Anxiety Disorders. Psychiatryonline. (2014). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved March 31st, 2014, from www.psychiatryonline.org: http://psychiatryonline.org/content.aspx?bookid=29sectionid=1361949 School, I. S. (2008). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. In I. S. School. Russia: St. Petersburg. Explain what is meant by the neurobiology of anxiety. Anxiety is a psychological and a behavioral state commonly characterized by avoidance behavior which affects a patient emotionally and psychologically. Neurobiology of anxiety is the classification of all anxiety disorders that affect the brain emotional states. These emotional states could be anxiety about the future, fear of the present or depression about events that occurred in the past. There are many different categories of the neurobiology of anxiety as listed below. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) which is most common in young adults like Amir. It’s the fear, anxiety and depression associated with reaction to any dangerous situation. (Psychiatryonline, 2014). GAD is more likely than not to be confused with other anxiety disorder types. For one to conclude that a patient has it, they must identify four symptoms from the first rank list and at least one from the second list. First rank Inability to relax or restlessness Fatigueability Exaggerated sudden response Muscle tension Poor sleeping habits Poor concentration Easily irritable Second Nausea or abdominal complaints A Dry mouth Tachycardia Tremor Stress disorders (Post traumatic stress disorder- PTSD) and Phobias which are divided into specific and social phobia. These are characterized by a general feeling of dissociation from reality. Panic disorders (With or without agoraphobia) -Attributes are manifested by intense apprehension, terror, fear often associated with feelings of hopelessness and intense physical discomfort. Attacks usually last for a short while and rarely take hours. In case they are accompanied by agoraphobia, there is a fear of being in places or Situations from which escape might be hard or in which help might not be available in the event of a panic attack (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health, 2000) Agoraphobia without history of panic disorder- The (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health, 2000) identifies the essential feature of this disorder as fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available in the event of suddenly developing a symptom that could be incapacitating or extremely embarrassing. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) –This is characterized by involuntary recurring thoughts or images that the patient is not able to dispense. The victims feel powerless despite them knowing that it’s irrational behavior. The four general categories are: counting, checking, cleaning and finally avoidance. They happen frequently, which consequently interferes with normal daily activities. Acute Stress Disorder-It’s an anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition. Symptoms of are judged to be the direct physiological consequence of a general medical condition. They may include prominent generalized anxiety symptoms, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions (APA, 2000) References APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health (4th Ed.). DSM-IV-TR: American Psychiatric Assocaition press. Psychiatryonline. (2014). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved March 31st, 2014, from www.psychiatryonline.org: http://psychiatryonline.org/content.aspx?bookid=29sectionid=1361949 School, I. S. (2008). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. In I. S. School. Russia: St. Petersburg. Why is hope relevant in mental health nursing practice? How might you incorporate this concept in subsequent therapeutic communication with Amir? What other elements of communication might you employ? Hope is a vital element in any human’s life and is a pivotal act in any mental health nurse. It helps people with any medical problem get assurance about their situation, whether or not the treatment or recovery is complete. Kylma and Vehvilainen-Julkunen (1997) described it as an experience, emotion or need. The term in nursing is regarded as being dynamic and helps in rebuilding a patients self-worth and how they regard themselves which acts as a complementary treatment. Amir needs to be shown unconditional acceptance, understanding and tolerance to help him overcome his disorder condition. A patient who believes that their situation can change through professional guidance and hard work from their end does find a way out of their situation. The reason the placebo effect is important when dealing with patients like Amir. The nurse-client relationship with Amir’s case needs to be on a personal level, to breed trust and a sense of value. Recognizing that Amirs case is difficult will be the first step to helping him since for him to feel inspired by the therapeutic communication; he must feel the same energy from the nurse. There are different ways in which one can inspire hope especially in Amir’s case. They include: Educating Amir of his condition, treatment and assuring him that he can still achieve all his goals and objectives like any normal human being. Group therapy –This is where the assessor tries to interact with the patient with a group of other patients with more or less similar anxiety disorders with the aid of a leader to help them resolve interpersonal problems. Groups bring a sense of security and trust that they not battling their condition alone. More often, this results in positive outcomes in almost all cases. Humor-Using humor to help Amir arouse happy thoughts and avoid the negative thoughts he gets during his waking time. Humor results to laughter which has been proven to be therapeutic. Spiritual aspect-Here one tries to introduce spirituality, faith in the patient, which is a form of faith in all religions. Psychoanalysis-The main goal will be to reduce his anxiety and guilt through verbal processes. Conduct Humanistic therapy to help him fulfill his full potential and improve self concept. Conduct Behavior and cognitive therapy to help him change unwanted abnormal behaviors and acquire desirable ones through revising his thoughts and behavioral training. Later, Amir can be engaged in the assessment of his hope level to monitor any progress. Use of Herth Hope Index (HHI) rating where higher rate shows a high level of hope and subsequent opposite are an indication of low self-worth and depression. Amir detachment from the normal world could drive him to commit suicide and thus the nurse need to do a full assessment on his level of hope. Effective communication of the management plan and encouraging self-help strategies will also play a big role during management discussion with Amir. References Derek Hayes, A. G., Suhaini, M. J., Kassim, K. K. (2014). Hope and Mental Health Nursing. LinkedIn Corporations. Psychiatryonline. (2014). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved March 31st, 2014, from www.psychiatryonline.org: http://psychiatryonline.org/content.aspx?bookid=29sectionid=1361949 Define what is meant by ethnicity. Given Amir’s ethnic background explain what cultural assessments you might make in planning his ongoing care. Ethnicity refers to a state in which an individual belongs to a certain social group which happens to share common national, customs or cultural traditions. Amir is ethnic Hazara. The Hazara people have for a long time been the victim of discrimination in Afghanistan. At the refugee camp the people there are more likely to be of the same ethnicity with Amir. This will make it easier for Amir since he will feel a sense of belonging while interacting with people who share his cultural values and origin. I would use a cultural assessment tool to help me get all the information about Amir cultural background. Details I would include in the assessment area include: The primary language spoken by Amir, how he communicates with other people who speak a different language, whether he requires an interpreter or not, the highest level of education he has attained, whether his condition has ever occurred before, if it did in what manner was it handled, what are his normal ways of coping with stress? Let Amir describe his family living arrangements, the major decision maker in the family, his religious beliefs and any religious requirements or restrictions that may place limitation to his care, any special belief and practices that may vary from the conventional ways, from whom has the family been seeking help from. Additionally, the following questions should help in cultural assessment. Are there any topics that are particularly sensitive or unwilling to discuss (because of cultural taboos) Are there any activities in which Amir is unwilling to participate (because of cultural customs or taboos) What are the Amir’s personal feelings regarding touch? What are his personal feelings regarding eye contact? What is his personal orientation to time? (Past, present, future) Any particular illnesses to which the Amir may be bioculturally susceptible? All the above questions will help gather any possible information regarding the Hazara ethnic group which will help in treatment program recommended to Amir while he is in Australia. It will also help the employer of his religious and ethnic practices to avoid stigmatization. References Mary C.Townsend, D.-B. (2011). Nursing Diagnoses in Psychiatry Nursing (8th Edition Ed.). Philadelphia, 1915 Arch Street: F. A Davis Company. Psychiatryonline. (2014). Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved March 31st, 2014, from www.psychiatryonline.org:

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

Vietnam War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War was truly one of the most uncommon wars ever fought. This conflict was so hostile and ironic, that the official beginning and end could never be identified, or pinpointed. Likewise, the enemies and the allies looked exactly alike. This turmoil made everyone in the war confused, because â€Å"anyone† could be a friend by day, and foe by night. Additionally, what made the war so difficult was the tactics used by many soldiers. These tactics were called â€Å"Guerrilla Warfare,† which consisted of the simple process of â€Å"hide, shoot, and run.† Surprisingly, this fighting technique matched the skills of many of the best-trained soldiers from the opposite side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War fought between the communist North Vietnam, and the non-communist South Vietnam was supported by the United States. The main objective of the war was to contain the leader. Ho Chi Minh, was the leader of the â€Å"league for the independence of Vietnam,† generally known as the Viet Minh. The league was organized in 1941 as a â€Å"nationalistic party†; their goal was to seek Vietnamese independence from France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  South Vietnam did not have the resources of modern military technology; therefore, the capacity of depending on themselves, was minimum. The United States were allied with South Vietnam, and they made a massive deployment, that begun in the spring of 1965. The deployment consisted of and initial wave of... Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers Vietnam War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War was truly one of the most uncommon wars ever fought. This conflict was so hostile and ironic, that the official beginning and end could never be identified, or pinpointed. Likewise, the enemies and the allies looked exactly alike. This turmoil made everyone in the war confused, because â€Å"anyone† could be a friend by day, and foe by night. Additionally, what made the war so difficult was the tactics used by many soldiers. These tactics were called â€Å"Guerrilla Warfare,† which consisted of the simple process of â€Å"hide, shoot, and run.† Surprisingly, this fighting technique matched the skills of many of the best-trained soldiers from the opposite side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War fought between the communist North Vietnam, and the non-communist South Vietnam was supported by the United States. The main objective of the war was to contain the leader. Ho Chi Minh, was the leader of the â€Å"league for the independence of Vietnam,† generally known as the Viet Minh. The league was organized in 1941 as a â€Å"nationalistic party†; their goal was to seek Vietnamese independence from France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  South Vietnam did not have the resources of modern military technology; therefore, the capacity of depending on themselves, was minimum. The United States were allied with South Vietnam, and they made a massive deployment, that begun in the spring of 1965. The deployment consisted of and initial wave of...

How Language Shapes Thought

Shaped by Language: What Comes First the Thought or the Language Language, due to its specific properties, is one aspect that makes human beings unique in comparison to other animals and species. The fact that different languages can alter the way we perceive the world, and objects we view. From the perception of space, time and even nouns, languages changes the way we think. Countless studies show that linguistic processes effect even down to the most fundamental thought processes, which unconsciously shapes our brain altering perception.Language is important to how we deal with experience with each other and how we view the world. Consequently, some cognitive psychologists believe that language may influence thought processes. Because of changing unpredictable of human’s thinking in different cultures, it is difficult to define effects of a particular language on a particular thought pattern. The question of language and thought has been debated constantly similar to the age -old question of what came first the chicken or the egg. Drawing on our experiences we must contemplate the original theory that language shapes thought.The hypothesis introduced by Benjamin Whorf, which is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or linguistic determination has stood the test of time and is a beginning to any debate about language and thought. He believed that our thoughts are completely limited by our language. A strong quote by Benjamin Whorf suggests that, â€Å"We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way–an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language† (Whorf 213-14).This allows me to believe language is basically the need for a given group of people to communicate with each other. Another question to ask when thinking about language is what came first, man or language? The size of oneâ⠂¬â„¢s world can shape the size of their vocabulary. Given that man preceded language, every culture shaped different languages according to their specific environments and needs. Resulting in that language is a human cultural that as a nation one helps to make evolve.Not only does their own language shape the culture, but also the interaction with other cultures. Language is a force that allows humans to create ties that bind into a community, providing them social, individual, or cultural identification. In James Baldwin text, â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me What Is,† he refers language to being an unparalleled power by stating, â€Å"Language is also a political instrument, means and proof of power. It is the most vivid and crucial key to identity† (242).Baldwin draws points of language’s importance to the experience of the African slaves. Having no common language, the slaves were unable to communicate with one another. They evol ved a language, which they used to articulate their familiar experience and shaped their own community. The African Americans evolved a dialect of English that enabled them to describe their reality and establish their own distinct cultural identity. It is controversial how the humans think by figures or by concepts.In general, it is clear that thinking happens via ideas and imagination, which are expressed by words, and organized in speech. Sciences claim that thinking and language are so related, that changes in languages can organize thoughts, ideas, imaginations and human actions. The word â€Å"macho† shows the difference between thought and the language spoken in both English and Spanish. The essay â€Å"Americanization Is Tough on ‘Macho’† written by Rose Del Castillo Guibault examines the cultural differences behind one certain word.When referring to a Hispanic who is â€Å"macho† resembles that he is a responsible, hardworking man in charge . Even though the language and the word is the same the thought is different in English. The American macho has a negative reference meaning to the word such as: brute, uncouth, loud, abrasive, and a chauvinist (238). When language is used in the normal way, the speaker has a thought with certain content and chooses words such that on the basis of those words the listener will be able to recognize that the speaker has a thought with that content.This example reiterates that once words and phrases supporting particular notions and thinking have been formed, they have the effect of embedding those notions and thoughts firmly and therefore becoming cultural norms. Accepting the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in its â€Å"strong† form that language completely determines thought can be hard for any individual. Taking in the opposing views can show other avenues of the language and thought theory. Just as the chicken and egg question we as humans cannot know everything, or should know ever ything. Some things are left open for interpretation and personal views.So a more limited Whorfianism, that states that â€Å"the ways in which we see the world may be ‘influenced’ rather than completely determined by the kind of language we use, in particular our language can affect that we remember and what we find it easy to pay attention to† (Chandler). As humans continue to grow on this earth our environment shape languages and languages shapes you as your instrument for thought. Work Cited Baldwin, James C. (1979). â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What is? † The New York Times, July 29, 1979 by the New York Times Company Chandler, David. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. † The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. N. p. , 18 Sept. 1995. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Guilbault, Rose Del Castillo. â€Å"Americanization Is Tough on ‘Macho’† About Language: A Reader for Writers. 5th Ed. Eds. William H. Roberts and Gregoire Turge on. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 238-39. Whorf, B. L. (1940): ‘Science and Linguistics', Technology Review 42(6): 229-31, 247-8. Also in B. L. Whorf (1956): Language, Thought and Reality (ed. J. B. Carroll). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Essays

Anatomy and Physiology Essay Essays Anatomy and Physiology Essay Essay Anatomy and Physiology Essay Essay Activity 1: Tissue Types 1-1: List the four types of tissue found in the human organic structure and give an illustration of each. 1. Epithelial illustration: Skin 2. Connective illustration: Tendons3. Muscle illustration: Muscles of bosom 4. Nervous illustration: Brain Activity 2: Epithelial tissue 2-1: What are the features of epithelial tissue? Polarity. Specialized contacts. Supported of connective tissue. Avascular but innervated. Regeneration 2-2: What is the map of epithelial tissue? protection. soaking up. filtration. secernment. elimination. centripetal response 2-3: Where is epithelial tissue found? Outer bed of tegument. lines the unfastened pits of the cardiovascular. digestive. and respiratory system. besides covers the walls and variety meats of the closed ventral organic structure pit 2-4: This is a transverse subdivision of the gorge. Number 1 represents the lmsof the gorge. Identify the tissue types indicated by 2 and 3. 2. Stratified squamous epithel 3. Dense irregular connective tissue 2-5: Below is a image of enteric villi. Identify the tissue type at 1 and the cell type at 3. 1. Simple columnar epithelial tissue 3. Goblet cells 2-6: Below is a exposure of the windpipe. Identify the cell alterations at 1. and the tissue types at 2 and 3. 1. cillia 2. Pseudostratified epithelial bed 3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue 2-7: Identify the tissue type at 1 below: Simple columnar epithelial tissue 2-8: The image below shows kidney tubules. Identify the tissue type at 1 and 3: 1. Outer wall composed of simple cubelike epithelial tissue 3. Nucleus of a simple cubelike epithelial cell 2-9: The image below shows a cross-section of a lung. The countries labeled 2 are alveoli. the air pouch of the lungs. What type tissue is 1? Simple squamous epithelial tissue 2-10: Identify the tissue or cell types or constituent below. 1. ( tissue type ) Epithelium2. ( tissue type ) Lamina Propia3. Cillia4. Mucin in globlet cell5. Cilliated cells of pseudostratified epithelial tissue Activity 3: Connective tissue 3-1: What are the features of connective tissue? Common beginning. Degrees of vascularity. Extracelluar matrix 3-2: What are the maps of connective tissue? binding and support. protection. insularity. transit of substances within the organic structure 3-3: Where would you happen connective tissue? everyplace in the organic structure. largely in the primary tissue 3-4: The slide below is a subdivision of the little bowel. In this tissue. the collagen fibres are interlacing and irregularly arranged ( i. e. they run in more than one way ) . which provides great structural strength. The tissue is good suited for countries where tenseness is exerted from many different waies. such as the corium of the tegument. submucosa of the GI piece of land and hempen capsules of variety meats and articulations. It besides forms facia. the tough. white stuff that surrounds musculuss. What categorization of connective tissue is the country marked by 1? Dense guerrilla 3-5: The tissue below is a loose connective tissue comprised of a semi-fluid land substance incorporating several sorts of loosely-arranged fibres and cells. This is the most widespread type of connective tissue. It is found in every microscopic subdivision of the organic structure. fixing down the tegument. membranes. vass and nervousnesss every bit good as adhering musculuss and other parts together. There are two types of fibres. the most legion of which are thicker. lightly-staining collagenic fibres that crisscross the matrix in a random manner. Thinner. more darkly stained elastic fibres composed of the protein elastin can besides be seen. The chief type of cells seen are lightly-staining fibroblasts that secrete the matrix stuffs. Identify: 1. Fibroblast karyon2. Collagen Fiber3. Elastic Fibers 3-6: This slide shows a subdivision of a sinew with on a regular basis arranged closely jammed collagen fibres running in the same way. This consequences in a flexible tissue with great opposition to drawing forces. With its tremendous tensile strength. this tissue forms cord like sinews. which join musculuss to castanetss. sheet-like aponeuroses. which attach musculuss to musculuss or musculuss to castanetss. and ligaments. which bind castanetss together at articulations. What categorization of connective tissue is this? Dense habitue The karyon of the cells that secrete the collagen fibres are indicated by the figure 1. What type cells are these? Collagen Fibers 3-7: The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross subdivision from the windpipe are specialized for fat storage and do non organize land substance or fibres. On prepared slides. this type tissue appears slightly like a fish cyberspace with white infinites connected together in a web. The cytol and karyons have been pushed to one side by a individual. big. fat-filled vacuole that occupies the centre of the cell. Identify: 1. Cell membrane2. Cell nucleus3. Fat Vacuoles 3-8: The slide below shows a subdivision of the windpipe ( trachea ) . Ringss of hyaloid gristle embedded within the walls of the windpipe provide support and aid to keep an unfastened air passage. Hyaline gristle is the most common signifier of gristle in the organic structure. doing up portion of the olfactory organ. linking ribs to the breastbone and covering the jointing surfaces of castanetss. When sectioned and stained. the matrix of hyaloid gristle takes on a light purple colour. Cartilage-forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix. which consists of an formless land substance to a great extent invested with collagen fibres. Chondrocytes ( mature gristle cells ) can be seen singly or in groups within infinites in the matrix called blank. The surface of all gristle ( except for articular gristle ) is covered by a membrane of connective tissue fibres called the perichondrium. Although the perichondrium is well-vascularized. gristle tissue proper is avascular. which m eans that O and foods have to spread from blood vass in the perichondrium to the chondrocytes within the gristle proper. Identify: 1. Cartilage matrix2. Chondrocytes3. Perichondrium4. Adipose cells( Hint for 4: see old slide ) 3-9: This image shows a dried subdivision of compact bone. Like gristle. bone cells ( osteocytes ) occupy infinites ( blank ) found within the dense matrix. A major difference. nevertheless. is that the matrix is calcified in bone. which endows bone with the belongings of hardness and the ability to defy compressive forces. This calcified matrix is deposited in beds called gill ( remarkable = gill ) about 3-7 micrometers midst. The most common unit of construction in compact bone is the Haversian system or osteon. In each Haversian system. the gill are arranged concentrically around a cardinal Haversian canal which houses nervousnesss and blood vass ( unlike gristle. bone is good supplied with blood vass ) . The blank that house mature osteocytes in populating bone appear as tapering. black infinites arranged around the homocentric gill. Slender. ramification tubules called canaliculi ( â€Å"little canals† ) radiate out from the blank to organize an extended web of passageway s that connect the bone cells to each other and to the blood supply in the Haversian canal. Identify: 1. Lacunae2. Haversian canal3. Lamellae 3-10: What type connective tissue is pictured below? Blood 3-11: What is the matrix of this connective tissue? plasma. no fibres 3-12: What are the populating cells of this connective tissue? Erythocytes. Leukocytes. Platelets 3-13: What is the map of this connective tissue? Carry O2. CO2. foods. wastes. and other substances 3-14: Identify:1. thrombocytes2. neutrophils3. lymph cells4. erthocytes5. monocytes Activity 4: Muscle tissue 4-1: What are the features of musculus tissue? Conductivity. Contractility. Extensibility. Elasticity The image below shows a longitudinal position of a type of musculus. Note the multiple karyon that lie at the fringe of the musculus fibres every bit good as the striations ( thin lines ) formed by the agreement of the midst and thin myofilaments. It is the agreement of these myofilaments that consequences in the A set. I sets and Z lines that run perpendicular to the long axis of the sarcostyles. 4-2: What type musculus tissue is this? Skeletal 4-3: Is this type musculus voluntary or nonvoluntary? Voluntary4-4: What is its map? motive power. use of the enviroment. facial look. voluntary control4-5: Identify: 1. Muscle cell karyon 2. Muscle fibre Although the musculus below is striated. the striations are non so readily evident as in the musculus above. These musculus cells are short. branched and interconnected. Each cell normally contains one centrally located karyon. These musculus cells are joined end-to-end at specialised junctional zones called intercalated phonograph record [ pointed to by the blue arrows ] . These discs allow force to be transmitted from one cell to another. Additionally. they contain gap junctions that allow an action potency in one cell to go through straight to an adjoining cell through these electrical synapses. 4-6: What type musculus tissue is this? Cardiac 4-7: Is it voluntary. or nonvoluntary? nonvoluntary 4-8: Where is it found? in the walls of the bosom 4-9: This slide shows a longitudinal subdivision of musculus that has been teased apart to uncover the single musculus cells. Note the spindle shaped musculus fibres. each of which has a individual. elongated nucleus. This type musculus is the simplest of the three types of musculus tissue. It is found where slow. sustained contractions are needed such as in the digestive piece of land. womb and other internal variety meats. Involuntary in nature. its actions are under control of the autonomic nervous system. What type musculus is this? Smooth 4-10: The image below is a close-up position of a individual cell from above. Identify 1: Nucleus 4-11: This slide shows a transverse subdivision of the duodenum ( a part of the little bowel ) . Note that there are two comparatively thick beds of smooth musculus cells that run perpendicular to one another. an outer ( dilutant ) longitudinal bed and an inner ( much thicker ) round bed of smooth musculus. Peristaltic contractions of these two opposing beds of musculus maintain nutrient traveling through the intestine. 1. Submucosal connective tissue2. Round smooth musculus bed3. Longitudinal smooth musculus bed Activity 5: Nervous tissue 5-1: Name the functional cell of nervous tissue. Nerve cells 5-2: The slide below shows a exaggerated position of a multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord. Note the cell organic structure with its outstanding karyon and nucleole and the beginning of cell procedures called axons and dendrites. The legion little. darkly stained points are the karyon of glial cells. chiefly astrocytes.

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping

How We Launched 4 Features in 4 Weeks with a Culture of Shipping Here at , we just completed a major sprint to launch four major new features in less than 6 weeks. Whew. It was a lot of fun. Were leaving 2016 BIGLY so that you can consolidate your toolset in 2017! Welcome our 4th NEW feature in 6 weeks: #Instagram Scheduling https://t.co/srhEwtJpin Garrett Moon (@garrett_moon) November 29, 2016 In case you missed it, here’s what we launched. If you only want to learn how we did it, feel free to skip ahead. Four Features In Under Six Weeks: ReQueue is the most intelligent way to automate your social media. This is one of my favorite features ever, because it helps you make the most of the hard work you put into social media schedule. Now, will help you reuse to best social messages again when it sees a gap in your schedule. It’s the perfect social companion for the busiest of marketers. Instagram has quickly become one of the most important social networks for marketers and now you can schedule Instagram messages right from , along side the rest of your marketing strategy. Instagram publishing really makes the one-stop tools for your entire marketing strategy. Content UX included a major update to how content is managed on the calendar. While it included a massive design refresh, it also added a lot of functional changes around usability and user experience that make easier to use and collaborate with you team. Social Media Analytics helps our users prove the ROI of the work they do by eliminate the tedious process of gathering, analyzing, and reporting on your analytics. Now you can do it from one place with ’s social message analytics and Social Engagement Reports. Long story short, that’s a lot of code to ship in short amount of time. So, how did we do it? How A Culture Of Shipping Drives Our Work EthicI call it a culture of shipping. Its one of our core values: Bias for Action. We know that ideas don’t matter unless they become action. We always err on the side of shipping, failing fast, and getting better as we go along. But before we get too far, I want to let you in on our dirty little secret. We don’t launch 100% of our features all at once. Don’t get me wrong, these were great features, but they were the 1.0 version. This means that for every aspect of the feature we actually launched, there are between 3 and 4 major improvements that were left on the to do list. In general, I believe that the common concept of a â€Å"launch† is very misleading. Most of the time, we think of a launch as a singular event. We slave away for months in hiding while building something brand new. When it finally comes time to make it public we launch, and make a big splash. There are blog posts, tweets, press releases, and sometimes fanfare. And then it’s over. We move on to the next project and look forward to another â€Å"big launch.† But, that’s not really how things work. Your audience will never absorb your launch the way you expect them to. They’re busy and distracted. You’re probably going to have to tell them about feature XYZ three or four times before they actually pay attention. In short, launches shouldn’t be a singular event. They are just the beginning. They should really be just one singular step in an overall process of iteration. Launches should be one singular step in an overall process of iterationIteration is really at the heart of what makes for a great â€Å"culture of shipping.† Everything is iterative, including your skills and abilities, your marketing efforts, and your feature launches. A process of getting something out there and then making slow and steady improvements over time is what defines ’s culture. It isn’t sexy, but dang it if it doesn’t work. So, let’s get practical. What can you do to make sure your team builds a culture of shipping? Here are a few of the things we do every day to keep the shipping alive. 1. Wins Make for More Wins When planning something new you are bound to develop big visions of excellence and grander. Take it easy cowboy/girl. Rather than trying to build the biggest and best right out of the gate, break your project into pieces. Think of it as a series of â€Å"launches† rather than one massive unveiling. Breaking projects down into tiny launch-able pieces will give you and your team some early wins. Wins can easily turn into momentum and momentum is exactly what fuels a culture of shipping. Around here, we like to break feature development into a series of 1-2 week projects- each one ending with a launch of some kind. We try not to focus on the whole enchilada. Rather, we focus on the smaller iterative goals that will need to be met in order to succeed. This ultra simple framework keeps us focused and motivated, and ultimately leads to the big win. Wins make for more wins.2. We Assume that Our Customers Know More Than Us When planning a new feature or launch, it can be easy to assume that you are the smartest person in the room. Work on a feature long enough and you’ll believe that no one understands it better than you. Unfortunately, you’ll probably be right. So, what if no one understands it but you? Feedback matters a lot. The world loves to emphasize the myth of the â€Å"lone genius† or the Steve Jobs personality in all of us. WRONG. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life. In real life those geniuses had spouses, colleagues, or competitors that drove them and made them better. For a startup like , those drivers are our users. With every feature we launch, we try to leave a lot of room for customers to influence version 2.0. When a new feature goes live, our list of back burner items becomes irrelevant. From that point forward, customer feedback shapes version 2.0. There isn’t a such things as a lone genius in real life.3. We Focus on Failing Fast Most of us try to avoid making mistakes. If we can’t avoid them, we at least try to make sure no one notices them when they happen. But, this reflex is in itself a mistake. Instead, the better approach is to assume that you will fail and build it right into your process. We call this failing fast. Rather than trying to be perfect, aim to fail as quickly as possible. If you’re building something new, show it to someone else as soon as you can. Even before you’re ready. Get feedback. Figure out what’s wrong The sooner you know what’s wrong, the sooner you can improve it, and that will help you move faster. My background is in graphic design, and this can be a huge problem in that industry. Designers love to â€Å"move pixels† and make things perfect before showing their work to anyone. But, this is a mistake. It makes them slow and oftentimes damages the end result. Don’t assume you know it all. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it. Assume that you will fail, and build it right into your process so that you know to expect it.4. We Keep Things Simple Complicated features are bad for users (and for you). At , we’ve paid that price before. For example, the first version of ReQueue was overbuilt. Because we didn’t ship soon enough, the feature ended up getting too complicated and messy. When we gave it to a set of beta users and they were confused. They didn’t understand how to make the feature do what we said it could do. We ended up scrapping the entire project and building something different that was much simpler and more iterative. It was a lesson we don’t want to have to learn twice. Over time, we’ve learned to keep things as simple as possible. Sometime complex features are necessary, but it is better to iterate our way into them, rather than building it all at once. Stay iterative. Keep it simple. Ship on time! #aCultureOfShipping #OverheardAt5. Despite What You Believe, Launch Day Doesn’t Really Matter I’ve already mentioned that launch day barely matters, but it bears repeating. Teams routinely put a lot of time into their big unveiling to find out that no one was really paying attention. The true art of the launching comes from realizing that launching is a process, not an event. It’s about the process of shipping, not just launching. From a marketing standpoint this means that we should be talking about new features for week and months after they launch. From a product standpoint this means that we should be building and perfecting a feature for months after they are live. This isn’t a one and done type of scenario. We are so conditioned to believe that launch day is an event. We believe that our marketing is a narrative and that customers read every page, but they don’t. Marketing is messy. Shipping is messy. You’re better off with a process that embraces the mess than one that works against it.

Alroy Drawer Runners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alroy Drawer Runners - Essay Example Alroy is a leader in the manufacture of metal drawer runners that are utilized on furnishings, custom cabinetry and any other product requiring efficient and no-slip drawer slides, hence creating a plethora of opportunities for capturing disparate markets and prospects. What makes Alroy products unique is their durability in construction and powder-coated covering that improves anti-corrosion capabilities and longevity over that of competing drawer runner manufacturers worldwide. Alroy Sheet Metal’s customer is Heritage Home Group LLC, a multi-national organization specializing in manufacture, design, distribution and retailing of a variety of home furnishings. Heritage is a very high-end producer and marketer of top quality, premium home products under the respected and well-known brand names such as Thomasville, Lane, Broyhill, Pearson and Drexel Heritage. The customer maintains a very broad group of retail channels that include branded retail stores, collaboration with world-renowned interior design agents, mass merchant retailers, and independent retail stores across the world. The relationship between Alroy salespersons and Heritage Home Group is one that is justified through a consultative selling model. Salespersons, in order to add value to the relationship and engage the customer effectively, ask a variety of strategic questions, utilize active listening skills, and illustrate a legitimate care and concern for their problems and needs. Relationship development involves more interactivity with customers, face-to-face selling practices, in which productive communications between seller and customer are critical to establishing trust and perceptions of competency in the salesperson and the corporate brand.  

Being a Stepmother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being a Stepmother - Essay Example In the year 2001, my husband was in the process of getting sole custody of his two daughters and thus, since I had gotten married to him recently, I was going to be a part of a ‘package deal’. Today those two children are like a blessing in my life, they have helped me a great deal in learning a lot of things about life and gaining experiences. Sometimes however, I do wish that I was their real mother because it is a tough task to watch these children grow up with a ‘friend’ rather than with a mother or a guiding light in the true sense. Despite these adversities however, being a stepmother is a very difficult thing to do and to accomplish this task over time is an even tougher aspect of life. It was extremely sad to know that their mother abandoned them because no child wants to grow up to question why their mother left them; these children still have a void in their life which I have been trying to fill every single day. In the beginning, it was difficult for me to converse with them knowing that I would have to be their mother for the rest of their life and that it was their choice whether or not to accept me as the same. It is not easy for young girls, especially ones whose dad was in the army and they had thus grown up against the backdrop of a hard life, to be able to accept someone into their hearts so easily. Knowing this, I plunged into the situation trying to become their friend rather than their mother because I knew that the only way I could teach them and help them along their journey of life was by letting them know that I would be there as a friend first and that I was not trying to replace their mother in any way. Even though their mother abandoned them, the children were not furious about the situation; had they been so, they would have been extremely reluctant to accept another mother in their life for fear of losing out on her as well. However, they took me in as a big sister or a friend first and slowly with time ha ve come to terms with the fact that I am to play the role of the mother in their lives. A stepmother has a wicked stereotype in today’s world, and even though it is easy for children to accept stepfathers today, being a stepmother is hard because of the immense number of stories that a child hears these days about bad stepmothers. Since both the daughters were at a young stage in their lives, scared and vulnerable with respect to their emotions and feelings, it was indeed very difficult for me to sort out my feelings with respect to them and adopt them as my own. For me as well, I wanted to give birth to children rather than to have them already blossoming into young girls, however today I have realised the importance of raising a child; it does not matter what the child’s age is but how the child responds to their parents and what kind of a human being the child has been shaped into by the parents, from whichever age onwards it might be. I was extremely scared to be r ejected by my daughters initially as well, however, with love from both sides, we were able to make each other’s understand that this change that was going to be taking place in all our lives would be a significant and successful one with lots of love and affection as well as understanding being delivered on a mutual basis. Today, I am extremely close to the children since my husband is in the military and thus we get to spend